Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), also known as hyperactive bladder syndrome, refers to lower urinary tract storage symptoms caused by increased sensitivity of the bladder. According to available statistics, approximately 10% of the population is affected by overactive bladder syndrome. In younger age groups, it is more common in women, while with increasing age the prevalence becomes similar in both men and women.
The cause of overactive bladder syndrome is a disrupted micturition reflex. In a healthy bladder, nerve endings send a signal to void the bladder when it is sufficiently filled. In an overactive bladder, however, the signal to void may occur even when the bladder is not full.
Several lifestyle-related factors may contribute to the development of overactive bladder syndrome, including obesity, excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption, and smoking.
Overactive bladder syndrome is characterised by frequent urination, urgency that is difficult to postpone, and nocturia (night-time urination). In some cases, urgency urinary incontinence may occur. Patients may also report lower abdominal pain related to bladder filling.
You should consult a urologist if you experience any persistent urinary storage problems. A qualified urologist has a range of options to help alleviate or completely resolve the condition.
In addition, the symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome are similar to those of more serious conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, or urinary stones. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may significantly worsen quality of life or, in some cases, pose a serious health risk.
Due to the overlap of symptoms with more serious conditions, the evaluation of patients presenting with urinary storage symptoms is comprehensive. Medical history is taken, blood and urine samples are analysed, and ultrasound examination of the urinary tract is performed. In men, the prostate is also examined, while women are advised to undergo a gynaecological examination.
In diagnosing overactive bladder syndrome, a bladder diary is an important tool, recording the frequency and characteristics of urination. Urodynamic testing may be performed to measure pressure and functional activity in the bladder during filling and voiding.
The cornerstone of treatment is behavioural therapy, i.e. modification of lifestyle habits. Recommendations include reducing alcohol and caffeine intake, avoiding spicy foods and citrus fruits, adjusting fluid intake, avoiding fluids before bedtime, increasing fibre intake, and weight reduction in overweight patients. Bladder training and pelvic floor muscle exercises are also recommended.
Pharmacological treatment involves medications that act on nerve endings in the bladder. In some cases, electrostimulation may be beneficial. Surgical treatment is rare and is considered only when conservative therapy fails and symptoms significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life.
